French Expressions with Être

The French verb à ªtre literally means to be and is found in many expressions. Learn how to say thats right, here goes, so be it, and more with this list of expressions with à ªtre. à ªtre à   cà ´tà © de la plaqueto be way off the mark, to not have a clue à ªtre bien dans sa peauto be at ease/comfortable with oneself à ªtre bouche bà ©eto be flabbergasted à ªtre dans le douteto be doubtful à ªtre dans la mouise (familiar)to be flat broke à ªtre dans la panade (familiar)to be in a sticky situation à ªtre dans son assietteto feel normal, like oneself à ªtre deto be at/in (figuratively) à ªtre en train de infinitiveto be (in the process of) present participle à ªtre haut comme trois pommesto be knee-high to a grasshopper à ªtre sur son trente et unto be dressed to the nines en à ªtreto take part in à §a mest à ©galits all the same to me à §a y estthats it, its done cestit is (impersonal expression) cest dateits (date) cest-à  -direthat is, i.e., I mean cest à   moi / toi / Paulthats mine / yours / Pauls cest à §athats it, thats right Cest cadeauIts free, on the house Cest dans la pocheIts in the bag, a sure thing, a done deal cest grà ¢ce à  its (all) thanks to Cest la vie!Thats life! Cest le piedIts great cest partihere we go, here goes, and were off Ce nest pas de la tarteIts not easy Ce nest pas graveIt doesnt matter, no problem Ce nest pas la mer à   boireIts not the end of the world Ce nest pas mardi gras aujourdhuiWhat youre wearing is ridiculous Ce nest pas terribleIts not that great Ce nest pas tes oignons!None of your business! Ce nest pas vrai!No way! I dont believe it! Youre kidding! est-ce queno literal translation; this expression is used to ask questions Le fond de lair est fraisTheres a chill in the air Honi soit qui mal y penseShame on anyone who thinks evil of it, This person has hidden evil intentions il estit is (impersonal expression), he is Impossible nest pas franà §ais (proverb)Theres no such thing as cant Je ny suis pour rienI had nothing to do with it nest-ce pas?right? isnt that so? nous sommes / on est dateits (date) Le nouveau est arrivà ©Its Beaujolais Nouveau Day Plus à §a change, plus cest la mà ªme choseThe more things change, the more they stay the same Quand le chat nest pas là  , les souris dansent (proverb)When the cats away, the mice will play si ce nest pas indiscretif you dont mind my asking soitso be it, that is soit... soit...either... or... Tout ce qui brille nest pas or (proverb)All that glitters isnt gold

Examine Both the Main Characteristics of Both Visions and...

Examine the main characteristics of both visions and conversion experiences [30 marks] Visions and conversions are both a type of religious experience- it’s a subjective experience where an individual reports contact with a supernatural reality, an encounter or union with the divine, Religious experiences are preoccupied by extraordinary psychological state and no one can give real evidence about it. According to William James, a 20th century philosopher; every religious experience has four characteristics. Ineffability, meaning that these experiences can’t be expressed or it is challenging to express them; people often gain an insight or they learn something from the experience of how to carry on with their life. Transiency,†¦show more content†¦An intellectual vision causes the person to become aware of an abstract concept such as the ‘grace of God’- a numinous experience. These are often followed by a sense of inner peace or a call toward religious life. A conversion experience is one in which the ‘goal’ is to change one set of beliefs. This process is called a double action; this is because one must turn away from a previous lifestyle and turn to a new state of being. The development of conversion can be a sudden experience or a gradual one and the end result is usually a greater understanding of faith. People may convert for several reasons; It may be about years of searching for a spiritual home, or about a moment of inspiration that has caught them by surprise; sometimes it involves the pain of breaking away from a previous path, a sense of loneliness and wrestling with doubt. Some may say that a conversion takes place when one’s identity is perceived to be inadequate and so they move to being in a state when adequacy is met, and the knew life they start is a holy one. There are four main stages identified which can lead to a conversion experience; a prior interest in religious questions and other related issu es, the influence of other cases of conversion, a situation which may involve physical and emotional upset, and the moment of conversion which brings about a radical change in feeling and outlook of the persons life. ThereShow MoreRelatedPersonal and/or Religious Experience Is Particularly Revealing for Developing a Fuller Understanding or Ourselves and/God? (50))2438 Words   |  10 Pages Personal and/or religious experience is particularly revealing for developing a fuller understanding or ourselves and/God? (35) Examine and comment on this claim with reference to the topic you have investigated? (15) â€Å"There is no single thing that can be bottled and neatly labelled as a religious experience†-Harvey. A religious experience is an outward encounter with something divine also known as God. 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The objective of this paper is to contribute solving the dilemma between control and learning in an MNC. The interaction between control and learning process will be analyzed. The literature study leads us to develop a typology based on two factors: the stage of the learning process (knowledge production and mobilization) and its locus (local or global). The combination of these two factors provides four configurations. The control system produces knowledge, both locallyRead MoreLenovo Strategic Management7889 Words   |  32 Pages(MNC) to survive and thrive. Today’s corporate world must actively engage itself in strategic management planning processes which explicitly define objectives and methodology and assess both external and internal environments to formulate a set of corresponding strategies in order to meet challenges posed from both demanding clients and fellow competitors. 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It was found that there was significant difference on shopping perception due to users (buyers amp; browsers)Read MoreYoung Goodman Brown: Characters4483 Words   |  18 Pagesappearance in the New England Magazine for April 1835 and was collected in Mosses fr om an Old Manse in 1846. The story is set in the Puritan New England, a common setting for Hawthornes works, and like most of the stories in Mosses, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† examines Hawthorne’s favorite themes: the loss of religious faith, presence of temptation, and social ills of Puritan communities. These themes, along with the story’s dark, surreal ending, make â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† one of the Hawthorne’s most popular short

Conceptual Framework and Ontology Technologies †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Conceptual Framework and Ontology Technologies. Answer: Introduction This report aims to provide an adequate understanding of the conceptual accounting framework that is mainly developed by the IASB for providing a theoretical basis to accounting. In this context, the report has examined the compliance of the financial reports of conceptual accounting framework with the characteristics of the conceptual accounting framework of a selected business entity. The business entity selected for the evaluation purpose is Dominos Pizza, an American world-recognized chain of pizza restaurant having about 13,800 locations across the world. The company operates on a global level and therefore it is required by it to adopt the use of standardized accounting practices as provided by IASB for ensuring its successful growth in various countries of its operations. The conceptual accounting framework developed by the IASB has laid to the foundation and development of general purpose of financial disclosure of information by the business entities. The major objective of developing financial reports is to disclose sufficient financial information to the end-users of financial reports to guide them in their decision-making process. The end-users of the financial information are investors, creditors, lenders, buyers, financial analysts and other stakeholders of a business entity. As per the general objective of framework, Dominos Pizza have developed and disclosed all the relevant materialistic information about its financial performance in the financial review section of its annual report. The required financial information is disclosed through the preparation ad presentation of general purpose financial statements that are developed with the application of principle of consolidation (Dominos Pizza: Annual Report, 2016). The company discloses its financial information in an integrated manner comprising the performance of its various subsidiaries. This enables the investors to gain an overview of the performance of the company in an integrated manner that guides them in taking accurate investment decisions by analyzing the financial growth prospects of the company as a single economic entity. It has developed and disclosed effectively all the general purpose financial statements as per the IASB standards that are, cash flows balance sheet, income statement, equity and cash flow statement (Dominos Pizza: Annual Report, 2016). The relevant accounting principles and rules applied for the preparation of the financial statements are also disclosed in the notes to the financial statement section that has provided a relative brief summary of the accounting policies (Psaros and Trotman, 2004). The review of the financial reports of Dominos Pizza assures that it has disclosed all the materialistic facts and information for meeting the different needs of the target audience. The financial statement developed in a consolidated manner has provided all the required information about the different financial elements such as assets, liabilities and equity. This helps the target audience to gain an overview of the capital structure of the company and the proportion of assets, liabilities and equity. The target audience needs to gain an overview of the proportion of current assets in relation to the current liabilities for assessing its future growth prospects. Also, the analysis of proportion of debt and equity is essential for investors to determine the financial leverage on the company. This can be calculated through the use of current and debt ratio by using the value of financial elements. The current and debt ratio of the company for the year 2016 is calculated through the us e of following formula: Therefore, it can be stated that company is not at present in good financial position as it is having stockholder deficit as analyzed from its financial reports (Dominos Pizza: Annual Report, 2016). Also, the information about the income and expenditure can be gained through the use of income statement that also predicts its future financial growth (McDaniel, Martin and Maines, 2002). Criteria of Recognition of Financial Elements in Dominos Pizza The notes to financial statements section of the company has stated the information in relation to the criteria of recognition used for different financial elements. The financial elements that are able to provide future economic benefit to the company are only recognized such as assets, liabilities, income and expenses (Mazhambe, 2014). The revenue is recognized for the retail sales realized from its franchised stores and is measured at a percentage of retail sales as stated in the franchise agreement. The long-term and intangible assets are recognized at cost and the financial liabilities and income tax are also recognized through the use of historical cost method (Dominos Pizza: Annual Report, 2016). The fundamental characteristics of financial reporting are relevance and faithful presentation of information. Dominos Pizza as per relevant characteristics has provided realistic information having a confirmatory value and a predictive value based on use of accounting estimates and assumptions. The confirmatory value of different financial elements is presented in the financial statements and the relevant accounting practices used in their preparation are also disclosed in the financial report. The predictive value is used for those financial elements whose value is calculated by the use of some accounting estimates and assumptions (Maines and Wahlen, 2006). The company has also faithfully presented financial information by ensuring that it is complete, neutral and error-free as stated by carrying out auditing of the financial statements in accordance with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. This is done to assure that financial statements are free from materialistic erro r and therefore have faithful presentation (Dominos Pizza: Annual Report, 2016). Enhancing Characteristics of Financial Reporting Complied by Dominos Pizza The enhancing characteristics of financial information are that it should be verifiable, understandable, comparable and timely (Gerber and Van der Merwe, 2014). Dominos Pizza has disclosed sufficient quantitative information in the financial reports and the method used for the calculation to verify the value of financial elements. It is also understandable as notes section has provided the detail about the accounting principle used for developing financial reports. Also, it is comparable as the financial information in the consolidated financial statement of the current year can be compared with that of the previous year to reflect the percentage increase or decrease. At last, the financial information is also disclosed in a timely manner that is on an annual basis to ensure that investors utilize the current information for decision-making (Dominos Pizza: Annual Report, 2016). Recommendations It is recommended to the company on the basis of the overall evaluation of its financial report that it should present a systematic flow of information. The financial report of the company is a bit complex to be easily understood by the end-users who lack sufficient financial information. Thus, the report need to be more synchronized with systematic flow of information so that readers cane easily analyzes the overall financial position of the company. Conclusion It can be stated from the overall discussion held in the report that Dominos Pizza is complying with conceptual accounting framework effectively. Although, it need to make certain changes like developing it in a easy format to meet the varying interests of the end-users. References Dominos Pizza: Annual Report 2016. 2016. [Online]. Available at: file:///C:/Users/Prashant/Desktop/2016_Annual_Report_DPZ.pdf [Accessed on: 17 April 2018]. Gerber, M. C., Gerber, A. J., and Van der Merwe, A. J. 2014. An Analysis of Fundamental Concepts in the Conceptual Framework Using Ontology Technologies. South African Journal of Economic Management Sciences 17 (4), pp. 396411. Gore, R., and Zimmerman, D. 2007. Building the Foundations of Financial Reporting: The Conceptual Framework. The CPA Journal 77(8), pp. 3034. Maines, L. and Wahlen, J. 2006. The Nature of Accounting Information Reliability: Inferences from Archival and Experimental Research. Accounting Horizons 20(4), pp. 399- 425. Mazhambe, Z. 2014. Review of International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) Proposed New Conceptual Framework.Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing10 (8), pp. 835-845. McDaniel, L., Martin, R. and Maines, L. 2002. Evaluating Financial Reporting Quality: the Effects of Financial Expertise vs. Financial Literacy. The Accounting Review 77, pp.139-167. Psaros, J. and Trotman, K. 2004. The Impact of the Type of Accounting Standards on Preparers Judgments. Abacus 40(1), pp. 76-93.

Human Resources Management in Health Care

Question: ExplainHuman Resources Management in Health Care. Answer: Introduction: There is an important role played by the activities of the human resources management in the different operations of the healthcare organization. The significance of the human resources management was realized in the 2000 B.C. Despite considering the type of the operations, the use of human resources was applied to any type of organizational activities (Armstrong 2014). In this essay, there is a detailed discussion of the recruitment process of individuals in health care, strategies for the effective building of social care, promoting and monitoring of the individual in the health care and approaches taken for the management of people engaged in health care. 1.1 Factors that is to be considered when considering the planning and the recruitment of the individual at St. Patricks Nursing Home: The important factors that is looked into when there is recruitment in the organization for the positions that are vacant involves a very comprehensive policy of the recruitment, overall aim of the recruitment , the main objectives of the organization , policies of organizational personnel , government policies , post legislation , cost of recruitment and implication of finances (Armstrong and Armstrong 2011). For St. Patricks Nursing Home, the factor that is considered very important is the defining of the requirements for the candidates to be recruited. Some opportunities are present that can replace the employee for achieving the requirements of the hospital (Valentine, Mathis and Jackson 2013). There is a need for the nursing home to justify and clarify it. There is a need for the vacant spaces to be filled by setting out of the person specification and the role of job. With the role of the profile, the capabilities and the skills with the working experience and the profile of th e job will help in the effective evaluation of the individual at the time of the interview. When the candidates are recruited in hospital then there is a need for understanding the technical skills and knowledge, overall behaviour, past experience, manual handling of the capabilities (Byars and Rue 2011). There is a need for the internal recruitment needs to be considered as crucial for the St Patricks Nursing Home. There is a need for the nursing home St Patricks to advertise in the newspaper, internet and many job centers. St. Patricks Nursing Home should make sure that it attracts more candidates that are capable. 1.2Ways through which the legislative and the policy framework helps in influencing recruitment of the individuals in St. Patricks Nursing Home There are different countries in the world they have their own policy and the legislative guideline for the recruitment, selection and employment of the individuals in the organization (DeCenzo, Robbins and Verhulst 2013). St Patricks Nursing Home is also strictly following this type of rules and the regulations. Under the UK law, there is equal opportunities and the rights provided regardless of the religion, race , language and gender. Some of the major law that is concerned with the process of recruitment are Sex Discrimination Act 1975, Employment Act 2008, The Race Relation Act 1976, Employment Policy and Legislation Employment Relations Act 2004. Employment Policy and Legislation Employment Relations Act 2004 helps in covering the resolution at the place of work. This helps in enhancing the tribunal methods and there is equal wage for all (Tracy 2014). Sex Discrimination Act 1975 helps to resolve discrimination against the individual. There are many time the job searchers they are faced with the direct and the indirect discrimination. Direct type of discrimination involves deciding not to hire, rejecting with the training and not providing with promotion for what they deserve. The Indirect type of discrimination arises from the procedures, practices and the policies of the organization. There are many issues under the UK labour law that has been reformed by the Employment Act 2008. This will help in the resolution of the conflict, strengthening of the standards of the minimum levels of wage and standards of the employment. The St Patricks Nursing Home helps in the recruitment of a diverse workforce (Torrington 2011). As a Human Resources Officer, there is a need for implementing all the above acts along with the Equality Act 2010 so that there is fair recruitment, selection and retention of the staffs in St Patricks Nursing Home. 1.3Different approaches to ensure selecting best individual and recommendation for the St Patricks Nursing Home: The selection of the candidates by St Patricks Nursing Home is done as per the ability to perform the job efficiently. There are three steps that is used for interview, psychometric test and assessment centers. Interview: The first step that is involved when there is selection of the candidate involves conducting of the interviews. The interviews can be done through the structured or the unstructured form like the common face-to-face interview or one to one interview (Dessler, 2013). This would be helping the recruiter to get a suitable candidate and then matching the curriculum vitae of the candidate with that of the job description. All the candidates they are given the equal opportunities so that they are shown suitability to the job (Rothwell et al. 2012). Interviewer during the time of interview talks about the impression of the candidate and then it can amend any type of the superficial elements. Psychometric Test: The numerical and literacy are used as the trait which is seen to use critical reasoning and intelligence which is not revealed through the interview. There is a fair assessment of the candidate is done for the suitability of the job as all of them are tested through the standardized test (Werner, Schuler and Jackson 2012). There can be increasing retention of the employees when the employers they can predict the performance of the future (Dessler 2013). There is a difficulty that the candidates they can write anything in order to please the employees. There is a problem of language barrier, which can create misinterpretation of the results. It is recommended that St Patricks Nursing Home should be selecting the individuals through the structured interview. This would help in following some type of criteria and would be helping in getting the right type of candidate. There is also a scope for the candidates to ask questions regarding the job profile, prospects of the job and training of the organization. 2.1 Theories on the way individuals interact in the groups in comparison to the type of the teams that is working in the health and the social care: A team mainly involves a number of persons who are working for the common goal. There are several theories that help the individuals to work as a team. There are a number of theories on the way the individuals they interact with the team namely Belbin and Tuckman. The development of the team at the first stage involves forming as per the Bruce Tuckman theory (1978). This is the stage when there is no identification of the role of the members. There is identification of the role but the progress is little and when they are tested, the leaders will be answering the questions (Price and Price 2011). There are arguments and differences involved during the time of brainstorming. The members who are competing for it take the positions. There is a struggle for the power and there is difficulty in making decisions. Norming is another step through which the group members the members they are frankly exchange of ideas and views and there is behavioral pattern adjustment and the attitude to towards each other for the developing of the work habit (Belbin 1993). In this particular type of phase, the team members they agree and work towards rules and values, professional attitude, exchange of the methods and others (Stone 2011). The supervisors and the mana gers they are seen to contribute more. The members they are able to understand the others better through this phase. The team development was analyzed through the mature team, consolidated team, experiment team and undeveloped team as per the theory of Wood Cock (1979). St Patricks Nursing Home can use the theory for the development of the team from a group of strangers to the making the member focus towards the common goal. The development of the team will be starting when the feeling of the members will be avoided. The leader will be take most of the decision. As a team of experimenting, the long hours of working and favoritism will be discussed openly and the members would be listening to each other. The team would be more self-examining. With a consolidated team, there will be interaction with the members in the cooperative bases, which would helps in enhancing the interpersonal skills. The opinions of the others will be respected. There would be clear objective of the tasks and would be defined properly. During the stage of the maturity, it is evident that there is higher degree of productivity , methods of working style and leadership contributory. The team would be recognizing the duty with rest of the organizations. Through the theory there will be development of a productive team which would be delivering high quality service which would help in the retention of the staff and the enhancing of the quality of care. 2.2 Approaches that could be used by the staff as the different levels to promote and develop team working in the St Patricks Nursing Home: Several types of approaches work collaboratively in a group or team. There is uniqueness in every team so there is a need for a collaborative process of working. The following are the approaches that can be taken by St Patricks Nursing Home, which is concerned about the working of the teams in the organization: There is a need for diversity in the personalities and the skills for the effective working of the team. The members of the team need to use their strengths so that the weak points are covered (Dessler 2014). There is a need for the core objective of the team is understood and is explicit. This needs to be learnt by the members (Wilton 2013). There is a need for transparency and understanding of the responsibility of every member.There is a need for the development of trust among the members of the team, which is done through spending of quality time in the open environment. The members should be given the space to talk on the different type of subject and making a conclusion on the topic. There is a need for providing additional opportunities of social time with the others in the open sort of communication environment (Dowling, Festing and Engle 2013). The concerns that helps to deeply rely on the pledge and group agreement, will help in trying to engage all the members of the group in the decision making process and the implementation. There is a need for the members of the group to be engaged in the activities of health and social care. While the group is managed, there is a need to see that there is no communication barrier (Gilmore and Williams 2013). There is need to recognize the interactive, relational and the social issues. This all issues need to be identified and recognized early.There is a need for authorising the members. There is a need to provide appreciation to the best work (Prescott and Rothwell 2012). There is a need for leading and arranging meetings in a group on the nursing home. There is a need for the development of different team for the various tasks. For example, Team A would arrange for the meetings, Team B for the maintenance, the supply, and many more. 3.1 The ways through which the performance of the individuals in the health and social care can be appraised: There are a number of steps for the measurement of the performance of the individuals in the social and health care organization. The main type of approaches involves level of performance, finding for the domains where candidate improvement is weak, marking the level of performance of the individual and the fixing of the standards that would be helping in the accomplishment of the standards (Harzing and Pinnington 2011). The performance management helps in preparing of the plan by the employees and the managers to monitor and review of the contribution of the employees for the objectives and the targets (Ivancevich and Konopaske 2013). The management of the performance can be appraised through the observation, appraisal of performance, management through the objectives and 360-degree feedback. The performance appraisal in a six-month or the yearly evaluation helps in understanding the contribution of the employees to their present job and their potential for a good performance (Mondy and Mondy 2012). This will be helpful in the communication of two types, improves the level of the performance , there is equal effort made by all in the setting of the objectives and the goals , identifying the needs of training and support for a better type of job. The performance appraisal will be helping the workers of St Patricks Nursing Home to improve their overall performance, which would be evaluated against the set of objectives and targets. The performance of the employees from the various sources will help in getting views on the performance of the employees. 3.2 Assessing the individual training and development needs can be identified at St Patricks Nursing Home: The performance management would involve where the employees and the manager they prepare to review and monitor the employees contribution to the objectives and the target. Performance management can be done through the 360-degree feedback, observation, appraisal of performance and management through the objectives. Performance appraisal is a six months or a yearly evaluation of the contribution of the employees to the present job and the potential to perform better. This would help in the two way communication, improvement in the performance, joint effort for setting up the goals, identification of the training needs and support required for better job (Noe 2014). The performance appraisal will help in benefiting the St Patricks Nursing Home in the overall performance will evaluate the set of the objectives and targets. The performance management will be done through the 360-degree feedback. The feedback provided and the view of the performance of the employees performance will be made from the different sources. This will help in the accurate and the genuine feedback. The 360 degree feedback tool will be used by the St Patrick Nursing Home so that there is unbiased views on the performance of the employees. The problem like the poor communication, lack of teamwork and poor attitude needs to be dealt. This will help in improving the quality of the work and enhancing the performance. Under management by objective performance is evaluation against the extent to which the goals are agreed by the employee and the manager to achieve. As the employees will be involved in the process so the utilization of the improved satisfaction and self-appraisal as they would be involved in the process. 3.3 Analysing the strategies for promoting the development of the individuals in health care and workplace When there is continuous, development there would involve variety in the activities of learning. The strategies for the promoting of the development of the individual involve the following: On the job training is a type of training that is gathered in the place of work. An experienced individual in the working environment gives the training (Mondy and Mondy 2014). There is a need for the appropriate type of training and this will help in acquiring of enough skills before the carrying out of the work. The human resources officer should be choosing the most appropriate form of on the job training for the employees of SPNH. The employees can use the knowledge, learners decide how they want to learn and increase the productivity as the employees they will learn as they work. The quality of the training will be done based on the knowledge and skills of the work. Coaching will help in the identification of the individual capabilities and the skills and this gives them the support to use them for the achievement of the goals. There is also need for the manager to possess the necessary skills for coaching the members for the development of the team. The benefits of the coaching is that the person who will be able to identify the goals and way of achieving them through, inquiry, reflection and discussion. Coaching will help in the acquiring of the skills. The lack of the resources will affect the development of the individuals. Mentoring: This helps in the continuous development. There is a long-term relationship established between the employees who are less experienced and the experienced employees through mentoring. The level of productivity also increases (Mondy and Mondy 2013). The high performing team will be established when the manager they have mentoring skills. Mentoring will help in enhancing the growth and productivity through the assessment of the feedback, which gives the mentee the sense of achievement. 4.1 Theories of leadership healthcare applicable to the health and social care workplace: There are two types of leadership theories that can be used and they are Situational and the Functional Theory Model. Functional Theory: The functional theory focuses on the working of the leaders towards meeting the needs of the team. The leader will be aiming at achieving the cohesion and effectiveness of the team. The leader in such a case function participates actively, coaches the subordinates , motivates the others , organizes the task and monitors. This theory will be applicable for SPNH as there is no team work present. Through the active participation, the manager will be able to identify the weakness of the members of the team. Motivation will help in the retention of the staff and the through the system of monitoring. The errors will be will be identified and eliminated. Situational Leadership Model: The patterns and styles of the leadership depend on the level and the position. The situational theory helps in ascertaining the best leadership patterns. It has been believed that there are certain types of leadership applicable to the different situations. When the leader deals with the skilled expert groups then the authoritarian leadership is applicable to the less skilled workers. The style of leadership will be determined by the situational variable. This theory would be applicable for SPNH as the problems related to the staff turnover, poor teamwork, communication and quality would be resolved. 4.2 Managing of working relationship at St Patricks Nursing Home: Ivancevich and Konopaske (2013) has argued that the individuals they are able to achieve better results for the work done through participative , collaborative and person centred approach. The ground rules , respect and rights will be used for managing the work in SPNH. This would help in the resolving of the bad behavior and resolving the conflicts. The promotion of the rights by the members must be done for example the right to be respected. The members need to work in cooperation so that there is effective communication. There is a need for the employees to listen. A member will be only listening attentively through the body language, good eye contact, giving feedbacks and asking questions to the mentor (Valentine, Mathis and Jackson 2013). The views of the other staff will be accepted and staff will not impose their opinion in the others. The relationship at work can be better managed through the when there is allocation of the task done suitably in the organization. There is a need for all the members in the organization to understand and be fully aware of the responsibilities and the jobs .Apart from this there are some features and attributes that is to be incorporated through the working of the relationship. The people who share their opinions very honestly about their failure and the successes will be helping the co-workers to be motivated. St Patricks Nursing Home employees should consider and be aware of the relationship at work, as this will help in opening of the concept and new thoughts. When there is respect among the co-workers, there would be a valuable approach for managing the work relationship at St Patricks Nursing Home. The managing of the workplace relationship can be done through the interaction of the skills and communication. The managing of the conflict will help in resolving the friction and the disagreements among the employees which will be threatening the relationship at work. The differences in the opinion of the team members must be resolved within the team (Gilmore and Williams 2013). The staff will be able to bring in productive outcomes when they will be developing situational sensing. 4.3 Influence of the management approaches on own development encountered while working: There are different types of skills and knowledge acquired though the development and training. This has led to meeting of individual need of the user. I gained the confidence for running my own duties. I was able to work well with the others when giving training to the workers. It helps me to build a strong relationship with the colleagues. There were times when I could not learn during the short phase of time. Training is also funded in my organization so that the cost can be cut. My manager helped me to learn about the approaches of training. I have developed myself throughout the course of my work as my manager allotted tasks to me. The experience and the knowledge that she held was passed on to me, which developed my profession. I clarified by queries along the course of my work. There were times when I received the criticism for my opinions. I have developed tremendously. My manager was approachable and flexible. There has been proper training and coaching received by my mentor. Working in the team has helped me to identify my fallacy. Team members have helped me to learn in group. Working independently has made me learn more from the experiences but it would be even better to work under someone for the proper guidance. For starting of a business, I would be recruiting the person who is capable for the post and proper training and guidance would be provided so that they turn out to be productive for the organizations (Gilmore and Williams 2013). I would be transformational leader who would be incorporating the changes in the organization as per the changes in the current scenario. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that the management of the human resources is very important for the health and social care. The goals of the organization are dependent upon the people working in the organization. Human resource is one of the three principles of the inputs with the other two types of major inputs being the consumables and physical capital. There is a lot of planning and the controlling of the activities of the human resources so that efficient level of performance is done while meeting the objectives of the organization. References: Armstrong, M. (2014).Armstrong's Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. London: Kogan Page. Armstrong, M. and Armstrong, M. (2011).Armstrong's handbook of strategic human resource management. London: Kogan Page. Belbin, R. (1993).Team roles at work. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Byars, L. and Rue, L. (2011).Human resource management. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. DeCenzo, D., Robbins, S. and Verhulst, S. (2013).Fundamentals of human resource management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Dessler, G. (2013).Fundamentals of Human Resource Management. Harlow: Pearson Education. Dessler, G. (2013).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Dessler, G. (2014).Fundamentals of human resource management. Boston: Pearson. Dowling, P., Festing, M. and Engle, A. (2013).International human resource management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Gilmore, S. and Williams, S. (2013).Human resource management. Harzing, A. and Pinnington, A. (2011).International human resource management. London: SAGE. Ivancevich, J. and Konopaske, R. (2013).Human resource management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Mondy, R. and Mondy, J. (2012).Human resource management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Mondy, R. and Mondy, J. (2013).Human resource management. Mondy, R. and Mondy, J. (2014).Human resource management. Boston: Pearson. Noe, R. (2014).Fundamentals of human resource management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Prescott, R. and Rothwell, W. (2012).The encyclopedia of human resource management. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Price, A. and Price, A. (2011).Human resource management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Rothwell, W., Prescott, R., Lindholm, J., Yarrish, K., Zaballero, A. and Benscoter, G. (2012).The encyclopedia of human resource management. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. Stone, R. (2011).Human resource management. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley. Torrington, D. (2011).Human resource management. Harlow, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Tracy, B. (2014).Leadership. New York, NY: AMACOM. Tuckman, B. (1978).Conducting educational research. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Valentine, S., Mathis, R. and Jackson, J. (2013).Human resource management. Werner, S., Schuler, R. and Jackson, S. (2012).Human resource management. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Wilton, N. (2013).An introduction to human resource management. London: SAGE. Woodcock, M. (1979), Team Development Manual, Gower

The Seal Killers Essays - NYPD Blue, Pinniped, Uncle,

The Seal Killers This is the realistic fiction story of two people who catch two commercial fishermen killing off seals. In the beginning, a guy named Andy agrees to fly from Montana to California to work for his uncle at a gas station for boats. In exchange, his uncle would teach him all about boats. It was Andy's dream to drive out in the sea. He goes out in a boat with his uncle and he teaches him some things. They noticed that seals were dyeing. Andy's uncle said it might be some kind of disease. So then his Aunt gets sick so his uncle has to spend time with her and didn't really have time to teach Andy about boats. One day Andy was working at the boat gas stop and a girl his age comes to fill up. She didn't look at him though, she was looking at the dead seals. She said that she really hated that and the commercial fishermen were killing them for lots of reasons. One was they were eating the boat and scaring the fish away. Anyway, then she left and came back in the evening. She filled up and introduced herself. Her name was Molly and she knew a lot about boats. Andy said where he came from and how he wanted to learn about boats. So then they made a deal that she would teach him how to use the boats and in exchange they would try to track the seal killers. So then a huge boat comes to the gas station. It was owned by the Jackson brothers. They were the two meanest commercial fishermen in the town. Molly had a suspicion that they were the ones killing the scenes. Then they take Andy's money and he tells his uncle. His uncle said those guys are crazy and that he shouldn't bother them. A few days later, Andy and Molly go where the Jackson brothers hang out and they follow them. They heard them saying something about killing seals tonight. So Andy and Molly go on Andy's uncles boat and follow the Jackson brothers. They spotted them and started shooting them. Then Andy and Molly speeded up but the Jacksons crashed into rocks and got stuck. So then Andy and Molly called the police and the fishermen got arrested. Andy learned a lot about boats and his uncle was very proud of him.

How to Perform an Ultrasound essays

How to Perform an Ultrasound essays An ultrasound is a technique that uses sound waves to study hard to reach body areas. The first record of ultrasounds, for medical use, wasnt until during World War II when they used sound waves for the underwater detection of submarines. They detected the submarines by shooting sound waves through the water to locate the submarines and calculate its distance. Since then, ultrasounds have greatly increased in technology and its uses. Fetal ultrasounds can be done to, analyze fetal development, evaluate multiple pregnancies and high-risk pregnancies, detect structural problems with the uterus, placental abnormalities, and bleeding, and to determine fetal age and other abnormalities of pregnancy of ultrasounds. Ultrasounds are also used to detect heart damage, heat joints, relieve arthritic joint pain, and for procedures in which shock waves are use to break up kidney stones which will eliminates the need for surgery. Ultrasounds involve no radiation and dont lead to any bleeding, inf ection, or chemical reactions. To administer an ultrasound, here are the steps that an ultrasound technologist would take. If this examination is a fetal ultrasound, the patient will be asked before to drink four to six glasses of liquid about two hours prior to the exam and also to avoid urination. The reason for this is that a full bladder will help transmit sound waves and pushes the intestines out of the way of the uterus. Other than that, a fetal ultrasound is conducted the same as any other ultrasound. Before the patient first arrives the ultrasound technologist will spread a sheet on the treatment table. It is very important for the patient not to lie directly on the table for sanitation purposes. When the patient arrives, explain to the patient that they need to remove their clothes and wear the gown to be able to properly see the treatment area. Arrange the ultrasound machine so that it is right next to the treatment table and ...

Premarital screening Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Premarital screening - Essay Example Most of the technologies applied to provide these challenges are usually applied in; screening, diagnosis as well as information control and management. Cervical cancer is one of the current reproductive health challenge faced by the current generation; science has shown that it a condition caused by tissues that develops around the cervix. Characteristically, this form of cancer develops slowly and may take a longer time to be detected. Other causes of cervical cancer has been identified to occur from the essence of having multiple sexual partners among women, Human papillomavirus (HPV), early age sexual inter course and smoking of cigarettes (cervicalcancer.about.com). To begin with, science has played a major role in provision of solution to this current reproductive system by providing a platform for the scientists to conduct scientific researches geared towards proving solution through; acquisition of imperative information concerning new methodologies of treatment (cervicalcancer.about.com). Additionally, science had played a major role in the context of technology by facilitating the development of screening and treatment methods. The treatment methods are; radiotherapy, chemotherapy together with surgery. These methods may sometimes be used through a combination of one or two of them; however, in most cases, a single treatment method is usually applied to the patients (Yarbro et al 2005, pg.37). Surgical treatment of cancer can be conducted in various ways; the first method applied in the surgical treatment is the removal of the lymph nodes which is scientifically known as lymphadenectomy. The other surgical treatment method is the complete removal of the cervix and the organs around it; the method is scientifically known as radical trachelectomy (World Health Organization 123). The functionality of chemotherapy, involves the killing of cancerous cells by utilization of radiation rays. Chemotherapy drugs are also imperatively used to kill the

Fianance enterpreship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fianance enterpreship - Essay Example The financial manager of the company tries to strike a balance between debt and equity with the aim of maximization of firm value and minimization of cost. It has been seen that the managers are biased in favour of debt owing to the tax benefits associated with debt financing. The interest paid on borrowings is a tax deductible expense. This is the reason the managers prefer debt over equity as it reduces the outflow of the business. However, an excessive reliance on debt is not in the financial interest of the company. An ideal mix of debt and equity is essential. There are various theories on capital structure such as pecking order theory, signalling theory, agency theory, trade-off theory, signalling theory etc. As per the pecking order theory the firm should rely mainly on the internal means of financing like retained earnings. This theory gives credence to retained earnings over the issue of equity. In the event of additional funds requirement the debt mode of funding is preferr ed. The equity issue is used only as a last resort. The main reason for the preference of debt over equity is the lower information costs associated with this mode of funding (Zhao, et al., 2004). The static trade off theory states that the firms try to strike a balance between the benefits associated with interest tax shield and the probability of bankruptcy and failure. The firms with strong cash flows can afford to have high levels of debt as they are assured of fixed future cash flows. But the small sized firms or nascent business firms with limited free cash flows must not use high levels of debt in their capital base. As per the agency theory the managers handle the affairs of the company on the behalf of the company shareholders. This gives rise to agency problems. As the reins of management of the company passes onto the managers and does not remain in the hands of its ‘actual’ owners it gives rise to conflict of interest. It is said that there is a misalignment of the objectives. The managers of the company are accused of investing in risky or unprofitable business ventures instead of passing on the surplus cash flows to the owners (Boodhoo, 2009). On the other hand there is also a view that the shareholders intervene in the smooth functioning of the business which often forces the company to forego lucrative business opportunities. The signalling theory of capital structure suggests that the issue of equity is based on the prevailing market conditions. Suppose the management of the company is of the view that the shares of the company are overpriced then it can resort to the issue of equity. This will help the company in raising higher proceeds from the issue of equity. On the other hand if the managers of the company are of the view that the market has failed to price the shares of the company correctly then it can opt for the debt mode of financing. If the shares of the company are underpriced then it is not feasible to issue equity as this would mean lesser proceeds. It will not just limit the amount of funds raised but will also lead to unnecessary dilution of ownership which is not in the interest of the company from the long term perspective. The financing decisions of a company are influenced by the above theories and views. However the financial managers in a company are biased towards issue of debt owing to the inherent benefits of debt issue. The

Emiratisation in the UAE Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12500 words

Emiratisation in the UAE - Thesis Example They believe that the organizational culture in the private sector employment is not according to their personality and their diversity is not helping to achieve the required level of organizational performance. In addition to that, the young Emiratis also face the language problem. The normal language in the private sector employment is English and it is highly required that employees must understand and communicate with the use of English language. Unfortunately, a considerable number of Emiratis do not have frequency while communicating with the use of English language. This situation further adds fuel to the fire of their perceptions about the private sector employment. In addition to that, they face the issue of career development as well. Many Emiratis have not been given opportunity to understand their career roadmap so that they become in a position to determine and decide their future career track. In this regard, the absence of career counseling is also considerably contrib uting. Moreover, the charm in the public sector employment does not allow the young Emiratis to apply in the private sector employment. Currently, more and more young Emiratis are showing their keen interest in the public sector employment and they admire that the workplace environment, flexible working hours, attractive remuneration packages and benefits are those factors that attract the young Emiratis to only consider the public sector employment as a worthwhile opportunity and at the same time, this works as discouraging factor to applying to the private sector employment. On the other hand, the private sector employers have also developed strange beliefs about the locals. They believe that the locals are less inclined to work and are more inclined to avoid private sector work. They believe that the locals have different lifestyle and at the same time they contend that the locals have not much to offer in the shape of interpersonal skills, communication skills, expertise and

Synthesis and Purification of Nitrophenols

Synthesis and Purification of Nitrophenols Abstract Ortho and para-nitrophenol was synthesized using an electrophilic aromatic substitution of phenol and dilute nitric acid. Isolation of the crude product used a dichloromethane followed by a short vortex and sodium sulfate for water removal. Separation of the ortho and para products was completed using column chromatography to collect the eluent in ten vials; vials #1-5 collected o- and vials #6-10 collected p-nitrophenol. Thin layer chromatography confirmed synthesis of o-nitrophenol collected in vial #3, 4 and 5 and p-nitrophenol in vial #7.1H NMR showed o-nitrophenol being the spectrum with more peaks, due to the asymmetric structural difference creating more nuclear environments for the proton to participate in. Introduction Phenols, due to their rich electron density, are highly susceptible to undergo electrophilic substitution reactions. The hydroxyl group on the aromatic ring of the phenol promotes charge delocalization; thus, allowing for stabilization through resonance.   One such electrophilic substitution reaction is that of nitration. First, an electrophilic attack of the phenol takes place, resulting in a carbocation intermediate stabilized by resonance1. Next, the nitronium ion nitrates the phenol ring, producing p-nitrophenol and o-nitrophenol (Figure 1). The hydroxyl group of the phenol is an ortho para director; therefore, the meta isomer is not produced. However, by products such as 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4,6,-trinitrophenol may be present in excess amounts of nitric acid. Once nitration is complete, the crude product can be purified through column chromatography and monitored through TLC. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatographic technique used to separate the components of a mixture using a thin stationary phase. TLC functions on the same principle as all chromatography: a compound will have different affinities for the mobile and stationary phases and this affects the speed at which migrates2. After a separation is complete, individual compounds appear as spots separated vertically. Each spot has a retention factor (Rf) which is equal to the distance migrated over the total distance covered by the solvent. The Rf formula is2 In this experiment the difference in Rf values will allow for identification between o- and p-nitrophenol. When comparing two different compounds under the same conditions, the compound with the larger Rf value is less polar because it does not stick to the stationary phase as long as the polar compound, which would have a lower Rf value2. Column chromatography is a useful analytical technique for small-scale separation and purification using similar principles as TLC3. The polar, stationary phase remains either silica gel or alumina and the mobile phase can be dichloromethane (DCM)/hexane or DCM/ethyl acetate depending on the polarity of the sample. Therefore, the more polar isomers will adsorb to the silica gel and take longer to elute than the less polar isomers3. In the above reaction, the ortho product should elute first as it is less polar than the para product. Results Total percent yield using mass values Table 1 Table 1: Mass of fractions #1-10 Vial Number Empty Clean Vial (g) Dry Vial Weight (g) Product only (g) 1 13.3497 13.4663 0.1166 2 13.3357 13.337 0.0013 3 13.1605 13.1608 0.0003 4 13.0819 13.3543 0.2724 5 13.2054 13.3147 0.1093 6 13.2838 13.6743 0.3905 7 13.2007 13.5176 0.3169 8 13.0464 13.0977 0.0513 9 13.3157 13.4682 0.1225 10 13.5818 13.8376 0.2558 Table 2. 1H NMR spectrum of o-nitrophenol Atom Atom is part of a group Peak multiplicity Peak observed (ppm) Peak calculated (ppm) A Hydroxyl Singlet 10.7 10.84 B Arene Doublet 7.15 7.07 C Arene Triplet 7.0 6.59 D Arene Doublet 8.2 8.00 E Arene Triplet 7.6 7.22 Table 3: 1H NMR spectrum of p-nitrophenol Atom Atom is part of a group Peak multiplicity Peak observed (ppm) Peak calculated (ppm) A Arene Doublet 8.15 8.24 B Arene Doublet 6.8 7.0 C Hydroxyl Singlet 5.45 6.0 Table 4: IR spectrum of o-nitrophenol Functional Group Molecular Motion Observed Wavenumber (cm-1) Literature Value Range2-4 (cm-1) Peak Intensity Peak Shape Aromatic alcohol O-H Stretch 3240.31 3550-3500 Weak Broad Aromatic C=C C=C Stretch 1613.37 1600-1430 Medium Sharp Aromatic nitro NO2 Asymmetric Stretch 1530.13 1540-1500 Medium Sharp   Ã‚   Aromatic nitro NO2 symmetric Stretch 1471.31 1370-1330 Medium Sharp Table 5: IR spectrum of p-nitrophenol Functional Group Molecular Motion Observed Wavenumber (cm-1) Literature Value Range2-4 (cm-1) Peak Intensity Peak Shape Aromatic alcohol O-H Stretch 2999.35 3550-3500 Weak Broad Aromatic C-H In plane C-H   bending 1259.93 1275-1000 Medium Sharp Aromatic nitro NO2 Asymmetric Stretch 1517.92 1540-1500 Medium Sharp Aromatic nitro NO2 Symmetric Stretch 1326.38 1370-1330 Strong Sharp Aromatic C=C C=C Stretch 1600 1600-1430 Medium Sharp Figure 2: TLC plate A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Figure 3: TLC plate B Table 6: Rf values Compound Retention Factor (Rf) Relative Polarity o-nitrophenol 0.93 Less polar p-nitrophenol 0.07 More polar Discussion In this experiment a nitrophenol synthesis was carried out. The total percent yield is 42.7% as evident in Equation 2. Equations 2 and 3 show o-nitrophenol yield being 54.66% and p-nitrophenol being 45.34%. It could be assumed that not all of the organic matter was collected during the crude isolation phase. Two TLC analyses were performed to further determine the identity of o- and p- nitrophenols. The analysis on plate A determined that the fractions collected correspond to o-nitrophenol. This was concluded based on the distance the spots traveled up the plate. The o-nitrophenol complex is less polar than both the silica gel on the TLC plate and the p-nitrophenol complex. Therefore, it was expected to travel further up the plate. The fractions collected on TLC plate B correspond to p-nitrophenol; this complex is polar and adheres to the polar silica gel of the plate. The Rf value (retention factor) obtained for o-nitrophenol is 0.93. The Rf value obtained for p-nitrophenol is 0.07. Compounds with larger retention factors are less polar as they do not stick to the polar solvent. The fractions collected on plate A are all pure as only one spot is observed per lane. Lanes 1 and 2 do not show any spots because the fractions were collected too early and no product exists. The only pure frac tion collected on plate B is the one in lane 7. Lanes 8, 9, and 10 each have multiple spots suggesting that by-products are present. Lane 6 does not have any spots meaning that only solvent, not product exists. To confirm the identity of the product, 1 H NMR spectroscopy were used. The 1 H NMR spectrum of p-nitrophenol it is easily distinguishable because it contains only 3 observed peaks- A, B and C at 8.15 ppm, 6.8 ppm and 5.45 ppm accordingly. Peak A is a doublet and belongs to the protons adjacent to the deshielding nitro group. The proton pair adjacent to the hydroxyl group show a doublet signal at 6.8 ppm on the spectrum. The singlet showing lack of splitting must belong to the hydroxyl group, but it is far below expected values of around 10 ppm4. This is due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding in this compound. The spectrum for o-nitrophenol has five observed peaks. The hydroxyl group is just above 10.5 ppm, which is in normal range. Peak D which is a doublet belongs to the proton closest to the nitro group at 8.2 ppm. The triplet directly across the nitro group peak E has a values of 7.6 ppm. This value generally would be expected at 7.0 ppm, but the ortho and para positions are more deshielded due to the resonance structure observed in Figure 4 and 5. Comparing resonance structures of p-nitrophenol and phenol explains why pnitrophenol is more acidic (Figure 4, Figure 5). Phenol can donate an electron pair to the aromatic system from the hydroxide group. P-nitrophenol has a ring deactivating nitro group that withdraws electron density from the aromatic system. This allows the hydroxyl proton to be removed because of the partial positive charge on that side of the system. The conjugate base is then stabilized by the nitro group taking away an electron pair from the negatively charged oxygen to form a double bond with the ring system. The stable conjugate base means that it cant form a new bond with the free proton, thus making p-nitrophenol more acidic than phenol. However with phenol, there is no electron withdrawing group, allowing oxygen to retain its negative charge. The conjugate base formed is very unstable and will immediately bond with any available proton. Also, o-nitrophenol has the nitro group in close proximity to the hy droxyl, thus allowing for intramolecular hydrogen bonding to occur. This slightly lowers the acidity of o-nitrophenol compared to pnitrophenol because the hydroxyl proton is made unavailable by the negative oxygen on the nitro substituent. Whereas in p-nitrophenol, intermolecular bonding occurs between other p-nitrophenols contributing to the overall stability of the compound. The IR spectrum of o-nitrophenol was given; however, the IR spectrum of p-nitrophenol was obtained experimentally. The IR spectrum for o-nitrophenol shows the following stretches: O-H stretch; C=C stretch; aromatic NO2 asymmetric stretch; and an aromatic NO2 symmetric stretch. The O-H stretch is caused by the hydroxyl group on the phenol ring. The observed value is 3240.31 cm-1; this corresponds to the literature value range of 3550-3500 cm-1. The peak was broad and exhibited strong intensity. The C=C stretch is caused by the aromatic ring of the phenol. The observed value is 1613.37 cm-1; this corresponds to the literature value range of 1370-13130 cm-1. The peak was sharp and exhibited medium intensity. The aromatic NO2 asymmetric stretch is caused by a nitro group. The observed value is 1530.13 cm-1; this corresponds to the literature value range of 1540-1500 cm-1. The peak was sharp and exhibited smedium intensity. The aromatic NO2 symmetric stretch is also caused by the nitro gr oup. The p-nitrophenol IR spectrum exhibited many of the same peaks. The observed peaks are as follows: O-H stretch; C-H bending; aromatic NO2 asymmetric stretch; aromatic NO2 symmetric stretch and C=C stretch. The O-H stretch is caused by the hydroxyl group on the phenol ring. The observed value is between 3726.38 and 2999.35 cm-1; this corresponds to the literature value range of 3550-3500 cm-1. The peak was broad and exhibited weak intensity. The C-H in plane bend is caused by the aromatic ring of the phenol. The observed value is 1259.93 cm-1; this corresponds to the literature value range of 1275-1000 cm-1. The peak was sharp and exhibited medium intensity. The aromatic NO2 asymmetric stretch is caused by a nitro group. The observed value is 1517.92 cm-1; this corresponds to the literature value range of 1540-1500 cm-1. The peak was sharp and exhibited strong intensity. The aromatic NO2 symmetric stretch is also caused by the nitro group. The observed value is 1326.38 cm-1; this corr esponds to the literature value range of 1540-1500 cm-1. The peak was sharp and exhibited medium intensity. Conclusion The synthesis of o- and p-nitrophenol was performed using an electrophilic aromatic substitution of a nitro group in dilute acidic conditions. This was followed by column chromatography to separate the o- and p forms and TLC to confirm that the synthesis and purification was successful. The capture of o-nitrophenol and of p-nitrophenol was successful due to having product in vials #3,4,5 and 7 as seen on the TLC plates (Figure 2 nand 3). IR spectra of o- and p-nitrophenol also confirm a successful synthesis due to the differences in the aromatic OH streches (Table 4, Table 5). The experiment may be considered a success because of the differences between the IR spectra confirming the synthesis of o- and p-nitrophenol. The IR spectra may be improved by more homogenous packing of the column. Also, waiting to collect a darker yellow elute may have increased yield of o-nitrophenol due to not capturing only solvent in vials #3-4. References Stawikowski, M. Experiment 5: Synthesis and Purification of Nitrophenols; BlackBoard. Touchstone, Joseph C. Practice of thin layer chromatography. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1983.Print Smiley RA Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons . Richards, S. A., and Hollerton, J. C.. Essential Practical NMR for Organic Chemistry (1). Hoboken, GB: Wiley, 2010, 2.

Nuclear Physics Essay -- physics nuclear

The Nucleus of an atom consists of protons, and neutrons. A proton has a charge of positive one while a neutron has no electric charge at all and both have a mass of one atomic mass unit. These two particles are known as nucleons. On the outside of the nucleus electrons can be found. These electrons have a charge of negative one and a mass that is negligible because of how small it is compared to the nucleons. The discovery of the electron showed that the atom might have an internal structure. It was originally thought to be a conglomerate or "plum pudding" as it was called. But it was soon discovered using the gold foil experiment. Some of the particles were scattered backwards. Because of these results, it was theorized that the nucleus was like an electron moon orbiting a neutron and proton planet. Using this model, it is easier to understand how the different reactions occur. Radio activity was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel while he was working with compounds that contained uranium. Photographic plates that were used to keep out light because partially exposed when they were brought near any of the compounds that were part uranium. He speculated that the exposure was caused by some form of ray passing through the plates. He also found the some materials other than uranium contained these rays. These materials are said to be radio active. There are three kinds of radiation known as ÃŽ ± alpha, ÃŽ ² beta, and ÃŽ ³ gamma radiation. These were discovered by Enrest Rutherford in 1899. Alpha particles are the nucleus of the He atom, beta particles are high speed electrons and gamma rays are high energy photons. ÃŽ ± Alpha decay is the emission of an He nucleus. Because the alpha particles contai... ...o when the atoms are released they cannot help but mash into each other. This is where all of the extra energy comes from which causes the explosion. Hydrogen Bombs The hydrogen bomb is much more powerful than the atomic bomb. The actual trigger for the bomb is not TNT but instead an actual atomic bomb. The H-Bomb is made up of two different kinds of isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium. Smaller atomic bombs trigger the finale explosion for the Hydrogen bomb. Like the TNT, they compress the two isotopes into a very dense mass which initiates fusion, producing great amounts of energy. The actual bomb casing is made out of uranium. When the inside of the bomb detonates its causes the casing to undergo fission which causes even more energy to be released. The fusion reactions produces a fission reaction which totals up to a huge amount of energy.

Literature review compilations Essay

1. Rao, V. (1993). The rising price of husbands: A hedonic analysis of dowry increases in rural India. Journal of Political Economy, 666-677. Motivation and objective : Attempts to investigate the reasons behind the increase in dowry . Methods : It adapts Rosen’s implicit market model to the Indian marriage market and tests predictions from the model with data from six villages in South Central India and from the Indian census Theories : Using utility function, U is assumed to be maximized, given that U is the utility function which represent the household preferences. The function will be U = U(X,W,H). Where X refers to consumption of goods, W refers to the desirable traits of the bride and her family and H is traits of the groom. Main Findings : It is found that a â€Å"marriage squeeze† caused by population growth, resulting in larger younger cohorts and hence a surplus of women in the marriage market, has played a significant role in the rise in dowries. ( Surplus o f women over man at marriageable ages) 2. Skogrand, L. M., Schramm, D. G., Marshall, J. P., & Lee, T. R. (2005). The effects of debt on newlyweds and implications for education. Journal of extension, 43(3), 1. Motivation and objective : Examines the relationship between newlywed debt, selected demographic variables, and newlywed levels of marital satisfaction and adjustment.. Methods: A 38-item survey was mailed to a random sample of 2,823 newlywed couples in a western state. The couples’ names were randomly chosen from the marriage licenses that were filed within the state during a six-month period. Husbands and wives were asked to complete their surveys separately.The response rate was 40%, with 1,010 couples responding. Theories and tools : Marital satisfaction was measured using the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMSS) (Schumm et al., 1986), and marital adjustment was measured using the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS) (Busby, Crane, Christensen, & Larson, 1995). The KMSS and RDAS are established measures for assessing marital satisfaction and adjustment, both having correlation coefficients above .78. Main Findings: The findings from this study indicate that entering marriage with consumer debt has a negative impact on newlywed levels of marital quality. The large majority (70%) of newlyweds in this study brought debt into their marriage relationship. This amount of debt, along with other expenses associated with couples beginning their lives together, are likely to  distract couples from the developmental task of building a strong marriage relationship during the first few months and years of marriage Policy recommendation: .- Because many individuals marry with no more than a high sc hool education, educating individuals about debt and its potentially negative impact on marriage relationships should begin in high school. This may be one way to help couples achieve healthier marriages 3. S. Dalmia (2004). A hedonic analysis of marriage transactions in India: estimating determinants of dowries and demandfor groom characteristics in marriage. Research in Economics 58 (2004) 235–255. Motivation and objective : This paper uses data from a retrospective sample survey to develop and test a framework capable of explaining dowry exchange and groom selection in India. Methods: Using a sample of 1037 households between 1956 and 1994, this paper develops and tests a framework capable of explaining marriage transactions and groom selection in India. Theories and tools : It adapts Rosen’s (1974) implicit market model and takes the view that dowry is a simple economic transaction that functions to ‘equalize’ the value of marriage services exchanged by the households of the bride and groom. Main Findings: Consistent with ethnographic evidence, results indicate that dowries are higher in regions more to the north. Most importantly, contrary to popular belief, it is found that holding groom characteristics constant, real dowries have decreased over time. Finally, in estimating the parameters of the demand functions for a set of groom attributes, results show that the most important determinants of demand for various groom attributes are price of the attribute, bride’s traits, and the socio-economic status of the bride’s h ousehold 4. Siwan Anderson (2007). The Economics of Dowry and Brideprice. Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 21, Number 4—Fall 2007—Pages 151–174 Motivation and objective: This paper first establishes some basic facts about the prevalence and magnitude of marriage payments. It then discusses how such patterns vary across countries depending upon economic conditions, societal structures, institutions, and family characteristics. Theories and tools: The descriptions of marriage payments in this paper are synthesizedfrom a patchwork of studies across periods, places, and even epochs, and there are doubtless numerous cases which remain undocumented.  Discussion: Economists’ interest in marriage payments partly stems from their potential to affect the wealth distribution across generations and families. However, economic analysis has not directly investigated these welfare impacts of marriage payments. In this respect, marriage transfers which are destined for the couple, either in the form of dowry or dower, may function differently from those which are paid directly from one set of parents to the other, like bride price or groom price. The former payment is an intergenerational transfer. The latter forms a circulating fund, with receipt for marriages of one gender being used to pay for marriages of children of the other. 5. Sarwat Afzal & Imtiaz Subhani (2009). To Estimate An Equation Explaining The Determinants Of Dowry. Iqra University Motivation and objective : The focus of this study is to estimate an equation explaining the determinants of dowry. Methods: The data of 140 respondents is used to examine the variables to determine the dowry size, data set on bride-groom characteristics and dowry. The study has been focused on analysis that dowry paid is dependent on which variables Subject in the rural subcontinent. Since the objective of study is to estimate the equation explaining the determinant of dowry so all the variables given in the data are takes as independent and the dowry paid is taken as dependent variable. Theories and tools: This paper determine the determinants of dowry, using multiple regression analysis, the author used the ANOVA table, R2 value to tabulate the determinants of dowry price. Main Findings: This research suggested that dowry paid is based on the status and the affluence of husband’s family as well as the education of the husband’s father that are the important determina nts of the incidence of dowries. The influence of husband’s father education is accounted as a predictor for the system of dowry paid 6. Edlund, L. (2006). The price of marriage: Net vs. gross flows and the South Asian dowry debate. Journal of the European Economic Association, 4(2†3), 542-551. Motivation and objective : The rise in dowry payments in India has been taken as evidence that women increasingly are at a disadvantage on the marriage  market and must pay for marriage. Moreover, high dowries, it is argued, add to the plight of parents of daughters and have thus contributed to the scarcity of women (brides). However, the logic is curious, and, this paper argues, flawed. The term â€Å"dowry† can mean different things, and it may be useful to distinguish between the assets the bride brings at the time of marriage (gross dowry) and those netted against the groom payments (net dowry). The former is what is generally meant by dowry, while the latter is a concept used mainly by economists Methods: Data are from a retrospective survey of marriages conducted in 1983 by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi- Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). These data have been used in a number of studies of South Asian dowry inflation. ICRISAT conducted a stratified random sample of 40 households each from six villages in South-central India. The first household married in 1923 and the last in 1978. Main Findings: Empirically, the paper has shown that in a much-used data set on dowry inflation, net dowries did not increase in the period after 1950, belying claims of â€Å"recent† increases. Moreover, variables designed to capture marriage-squeeze or male relative to female heterogeneity failed to move dowries in the expected direction. 7. Balwick, J. (1975). The function of the dowry system in a rapidly modernizing society: The case of Cyprus. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 158-167. Motivation and objective : The purpose of this paper is to examine the functional relationship between the dowry system and modernization for the country of Cyprus. Two inferences tried to be drawn in this paper are attempt to develop is two 1) the dowry system has served a latent function in encouraging a rapid rate of urban, Industrial, and technological development in Cyprus; and (2) that the rapid rate of technological development in Cyprus, along with new concepts of marital arrangement, are weakening the importance of the dowry system Methods: The analysis of this paper’s topic will begin by considering the function of the dowry system in Traditional Greek Cypriot society, move to a consideration of the function of the dowry system during rapid modernization, turn to a consideration of the effect of modernization upon the dowry system, and conclude by  speculating as to the possible effect which a decline in the dowry system will have upon marriage. Main Findings: modernization is a threat to the continued existence of the dowry system. The argument was made that, besides the major aspects of modernization themselves, the concept of romantic love, as a byproduct of a largely western stimulated modernization process, has been damaging to the dowry system. However, to so speculate about the future effects of modernization in Cyprus only points to the necessity for social scientists to utilize the situations created in developing countries to further examine the relationships between modernization and social structures. 8. Gaulin, S. J., & Boster, J. S. (1990). Dowry as female competition. American Anthropologist, 92(4), 994-1005. Motivation and objective : The purpose of this paper is to prove that dowry as a reproductive tactic used by prospective brides and their kin to attract the wealthiest bridegroom. The authors attempt to explain not only the rarity of dowry, but also why it occurs in the societies it does. Methods and theories: The analysis of this paper’s topic will begin by considering the female-competition model. The female-competition model assumes that, in Homo sapiens as in other animals, the behaviors associated with pair formation can be interpreted as (possibly unconscious) reproductive tactics. The authors interpret the bias in marriage transactions as reflecting a bias in competition for marriage partners. Dowry is their dependent variable; the independent variables in the female-competition model are social stratification and marital form. They grouped the existing categories to create dichotomous variable. Main Findings: The female-competition model is correct; the authors would e xpect the largest dowry payments to flow from the middle class to the elite, as women in the middle tier compete for husbands in the highest 9. Rao, V. (1993). Dowry ‘inflation’ in rural India: A statistical investigation. Population Studies, 47(2), 283-293. Motivation and objective : The author of this paper look more directly at the causes of the increase of dowry (investigate the reasons behind the rise in the real value of dowries in rural India)and use unique data collected from a small sample of households by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). Methods and theories: The data used in this paper are from a random sample of 40 households, 30 cultivating and 10 laboring, per village, from six villages in three districts of rural South-Central India. The surveys were conducted by ICRISAT, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.15 The districts are Akola and Sholapur in Maharashtra state, and Mahbubnagar in Andhra Prades. A quadratic specification of dowry determinants is estimated. Correlations values between variables, OLS , and other statistical tools are being used. Main Findings: The empirical results support the hypothesis that the marriage squeeze has played a significant part in causing dowry ‘inflation’. The size of the dowry transfer also seems to be affected by hyper gamy, indicated by the difference in the amount of land owned by the parents of the respective spouses before the marriage. Due to the small size of the sample and the respondents’ lack of accuracy in reporting their ages at marriage, not much can be said about the impact of age or other potential determinants on the transfer. At the district level, however, the marriage squeeze does seem to matter in reducing differences in the ages at marriage of men and woman. 10. Teays, W. (1991). The burning bride: The dowry problem in India. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, 29-52. Motivation and objective : The author consider the issue of dowry, its roots in custom and religious tradition, as well the ways in which the dowry system has become a dowry problem with daily dowry deaths, usually of young and often pregnant women. Main Findings: Females being devalued in the Hindu world. The internalization of that devaluation is evidenced by the numbers of mothers-in-law and sisters-in-law who actively participate in dowry murder. Marriage has become a commercial transaction complete with bargaining. Traditionally dowries were limited by convention and caste-social realities, but now the demands are out of control. â€Å"The growing trend of dowry murders only reflects the socio-economic crisis in India. 11. Zhang, J., & Chan, W. (1999). Dowry and Wife’s Welfare: A Theotrical and Empirical Analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 107(4), 786-808. Motivation and objective : This paper offers an alternative analysis. Where dowry are claimed to be not only increases the wealth of the new conjugal household but also enhances the bargaining power of the bride in the allocation of output within that household, thereby safeguarding her welfare. 2 hypotheses: Dowry increases the resources available to the bride’s new family; Dowry increases the bride bargaining position in the family, as well as her welfare. Methods and theories: This study uses data from the 1989 Taiwan Women and Family Survey,an island wide probability survey of women aged 25–60 years of all marital statuses and from different geographical locations. The female respondents provide socioeconomic information on their parents, their husbands, and themselves. An important feature of the data is that these women report transfers on dowries and bride prices related to their marriages. All these variables are then measured using statistical tools. Main Findings: The result supported the theoretical prediction that a dowry improves the wife’s welfare through both income and bargaining effects. The result also shows that a dowry is indeed a property under the wife’s control. Bride-price reduces the transaction cost involved in recovering the appropriate shares of marital output by each party, a dowry enhances the bride’s position in the household and safeguards her welfare. 12. Bishai, D., Falb, K. L., Pariyo, G., & Hindin, M. J. (2009). Bride price and sexual risk taking in Uganda. African journal of reproductive health, 13(1). Motivation and objective : This study assessed the relationship of bride price to sexual risk taking based on a large, population based survey. Methods and theories: Data were collected on bride prices for 592 married women in 12 districts in Uganda in 2001. Controlling for covariates, we found that having had a bride price significantly lowered the wife’s odds of sexual intercourse with a partner other than the spouse (OR= 0.222; 95% CI= 0.067, 0.737). Controlling for covariates, bride price increased the husband’s odds of non-spousal sexual intercourse (OR=1.489; 95% CI= 0.746, 2.972). Main Findings: Bride price payment is statistically significantly associated with lower rates of non-spousal sexual contact in women, but is  not, statistically significantly associated with higher rates in men 13. Dalmia, S., & Lawrence, P. G. (2005). The institution of dowry in India: Why it continues to prevail. The Journal of Developing Areas, 38(2), 71-93. Motivation and objective : This article empirically examines dowries in India and provides an institutional and economic rationale for the existence and continued prevalence of the system. Main Findings: Using data on marriage transactions and on the personal and family traits of marital partners the article demonstrates that payments of dowry serve to equalize the measurable differences in individual characteristics of the bride’s and groom’s and their respective households. Thus, dowry qualifies as the â€Å"price† paid for a â€Å"good match† in the marriage market. Results also reveal that the form of inheritance system, the residence of the bride after marriage, and the gender ratio of marriageable women to men have no effect on the incidence and size of dowry 14. Diamond†Smith, N., Luke, N., & McGarvey, S. (2008). ‘Too many girls, too much dowry’: son preference and daughter aversion in rural Tamil Nadu, India. Culture, health & sexuality, 10(7), 697-708. Motivation and objective : The southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu has experienced a dramatic decline in fertility, accompanied by a trend of increased son preference. This paper reports on findings from qualitative interviews with women in rural villages about their fertility decision-making which is due to the dowry rate. Main Findings: Findings suggest that daughter aversion, fuelled primarily by the perceived economic burden of daughters due to the proliferation of dowry, is playing a larger role in fertility decision-making than son preference. 15. Rozario, S. (2002). Grameen Bank-style microcredit: Impact on dowry and women’s solidarity. Development Bulletin, 57, 67-70. Motivation and objective : This article focuses on two specific problems connected with Grameen Bank-style microcredit in Bangladesh: its negative impact on women’s solidarity, and its consequences for the practice of dowry payments. Main Findings: Findings suggest that Unmarried women are not  accepted in the microcredit samities and so cannot receive loans. The argument is that they will get married and go away to their husbands’ village, then who will repay their loan? This denies any opportunity to marginal groups, like unmarried women and, of course, widows and abandoned women. Such policies also mean that unmarried women are made completely dependent financially on the mercy of their families. 16. Kazi Abdur Rouf, (2012) â€Å"A feminist interpretation of Grameen Bank Sixteen Decisions campaign†, Humanomics, Vol. 28 Iss: 4, pp.285 – 296. Motivation and objective : The purpose of this paper is to look at Grameen Bank (GB) Sixteen Decisions campaigns and its implications to feminism; and to examine the degree to which women borrowers of the Grameen Bank are empowered to participate in familial decision-making around dowry and teenage marriage and to develop their public spaces in the community. Moreover, the paper critically looks at the GB women borrowers’ development through the Sixteen Decisions Design/methodology/approach – The study uses multiple research methods. It reviews and analyzes GB Sixteen Decision texts and feminist literature, uses survey method to collect data from Grameen Bank micro borrowers in 2011 and uses secondary data. Main Findings : This study still finds the gender equality issues exist in the Grameen Bank Sixteen Decisions texts and the Sixteen Decisions campaign strategies for women borrowers’ empowerment especially due to the issue of dowry. Policy Recommendation: This critical analysis is very important to empower Grameen Bank women borrowers because the campaign should be made more effective in addressing women’s issues like dowry-less marriage. Grameen Bank should revise the Sixteen Decisions texts and support borrowers in their anti-dowry and anti-teen age marriage campaign in Bangladesh. 17. Tenhunen, S. (2008). The gift of money: rearticulating tradition and market economy in rural West Bengal. Modern Asian Studies, 42(5), 1035-1055. Motivation and objective : This article examines the rise of dowry system injanta, a West Bengali village in the Bankura district, where the dowry payments are a relatively new phenomenon. The oldest generation in Janta had experienced times when no demands for money or other gifts had been made during marriage arrangements, but since the 1950S huge dowry payments have become the central financial transactions in the region. In addition to oral history interviews on dowry  practices, the author draws from his research on the changes in caste, gender and class relationships in the village. Findings : The gift of money does not merely represent class and economic identities, rather, its intr oduction is connected to a reconstruction of gender and caste identities as well. The article demonstrates how the giving of money has influenced other categories of gifts, while the market logic has drawn from cultural considerations. Yet, money is not the only agent in the process; gifts are essentially about constructing social and cultural identities: the interconnected domains of gender, kinship, caste and class. The introduction of the monetary gift has made it possible to make connections and set a price on different aspects of personhood facilitating and intensifying the connections between different discourses on personhood. 18. Shenk, M. K. (2007). Dowry and public policy in contemporary India. Human Nature, 18(3), 242-263. Motivation and objective :. This paper argues that a functionalist perspective on dowry could lead to improved dowry policy, and that an approach based in human behavioral ecology (HBE) is uniquely suited to this task. Design/methodology/approach – The author develop a behavioral ecology model of Indian dowry and test it with quantitative and qualitative data Main Findings : The author conclude that if dowry legislation is to achieve broad support or bring about effective social change, it must address and support the positive motivations for and effects of dowry and take a targeted approach to dowry violence, which is not uniformly distributed across regions, castes, or social 19. Rao, V. P., & Rao, V. N. (1980). The dowry system in Indian marriages: attitudes, expectations and practices. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 99-113.. Motivation and objective :The study examined the students’ expectations of dowry for persons with different educational background, their attitudes and feelings about the dowry system, and the practices of dowry payments in immediate and kin families Design/methodology/approach – The questionnaire method was used to collect data from a sample of 585 college students from  India Main Findings The study revealed that the average dowry expectation were not consistent With the number of years of education but were in line with the prestige of education. Non-Hindus, metropolitan residents, high socioeconomic status students, and medical students expected higher dowry than their counterparts. The majority of the respondents considered dowry unimportant in settling a marriage and felt that the present dowry system should be discontinued. However, most of the respondents’ brothers received dowry while their families gave dowry to their sisters. The kin families also practiced dowry payment at the time of marriage. The students seemed equalitarian in terms of control over the dowry as most believed that both husband and wife should decide how to spend it. Inconsistency in the attitudes are also observed as three-fourths of the sample considered dowry unimportant in the settlement of a marriage but nearly one-third of the males and 40 per cent of their parents expected to receive dowry when the respondents got married. 20. Freed, R. S., & Freed, S. A. (1989). Beliefs and practices resulting in female deaths and fewer females than males in India. Population and Environment, 10(3), 144-161. Motivation and objective:. A preference for sons and the low status of females are implicated in the preponderance of males over females as reported in each census of India from the first one taken in the 19th century. A number of cultural practices, some of which are quite ancient, are involved in this such as sexual imbalance and dowry murder. This discussion is sees the determinants of female deaths in India. Design/methodology/approach – This discussion is based both on 19th and 20th century sources and on fieldwork conducted in the North Indian village of Shanti Nagar in 1958–59 and 1977–78. Findings : It is found that dowry act as one of the determinants that resulted in female deaths which is more commonly known as Dowry Murder Policy Recommendation: The modern Government of India has s ought to abolish dowry which would, presumably, put an end to dowry murder.

Surgical Assistant Behavior Essay Example

Surgical Assistant Behavior Essay Example Surgical Assistant Behavior Essay Surgical Assistant Behavior Essay An Assistant is not the first and the main personage during the surgical process which is clearly understood by him himself. Nobody will expect from him making important independent decisions or making himself responsible for the process. Thus it might occur that an assistant will behave like an irresponsible player of the process and will not take any initiative. A surgeon himself should give all the possible assistance to his assistant remembering his experience when he was an assistant himself. An assistant should remember that although he is only assistant, his wrong actions might cause problems which consequences will be hard to correct. He should pay attention to every single word said by a surgeon, and in case he does not understand anything he should clarify what was meant but do it in such way in order not to disturb a surgeon. Being an assistant does not relieve him from the responsibility for his actions. An assistant is not a trainee, not a student or an exterior observer any more but an essential participant of the surgical process. He does not only listens to what a surgeon tells him to do but also acts on his own with competence and of course is responsible for every single action he initiated. It must always be clearly stated what function during the surgical process an assistant fulfils as well as an assistant should understand all these functions. Of course during his very first assisting he must be even more still a trainee and listener and thus his scope of responsibility is quite limited. But later on with every further surgery an assistant should be given more freedom accompanied by a growing responsibility, of course. If a surgeon sees that an assistant fulfils all the tasks correctly and confidently giving prove to every single action made he (a surgeon) might allow his assistant to take a more active part during a surgical process. If any mistake occur the two should discuss it after the process so that both are sure that such a mistake will not happen again. They should decide together how much the activity of an assistant will expand with every conducted process.